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Trees and Vegetation
Cool Pavements | Cool Roofs | Green Roofs | Trees and Vegetation | | All| State - Locality | Initiative Type | Link  | Title & Description | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona - Gilbert | Comprehensive Plan and Design Guidelines | Chapter 7 - Environmental Planning Element, Goal 5 | Gilbert General Plan - The "Environmental Planning Element" in the Gilbert, Arizona general plan lists mitigating heat islands as a core goal. Specific policies under the goal include: 1) developing criteria that will identify projects that might contribute to the heat island effect and will require an evaluation of mitigation techniques; 2) seeking sponsors such as educational institutions, utility companies, and government entities to promote heat island awareness among landowners, developers, engineers, and architects; and 3) promoting design concepts using engineered green space to maximize shading of surfaces that tend to heat up, promote education and awareness of cool roof materials and construction techniques, and promote alternative pavement technologies in parking areas. At this time, the plan does not include specific strategies to implement these policies. | Active |
| Arizona - Tucson | Demonstration Project | Cool Retrofit - Thomas O. Price Service Center | City of Tucson's Administration Building - A demonstration project for the City of Tucson documented how a cool roof reduced temperatures inside and on the roof of the building and saved more than 400 million Btu annually in energy. A white elastomeric coating was installed over a 28,000-square foot (2,600 m2), unshaded metal roof on one of the city's administration buildings. Following the installation, energy savings were calculated at 50 to 65% of the building's cooling energy – an avoided energy cost of nearly $4,000 annually. In addition to measuring the effects of adding a cool roof, the project will also investigate cooler paving materials and more trees and vegetation in the parking lots surrounding the building. | Completed |
| Arizona - Tucson | Urban Forestry Program | Trees for Tucson | Urban Forestry Program - Trees for Tucson began in 1989 as a program of Tucson Clean & Beautiful to encourage and facilitate tree planting in the Tucson metropolitan area using desert-adapted trees. Trees help beautify the community as well as conserve energy by shading buildings. More than 40,000 trees have been distributed through the Trees for Tucson program since 1993. | Active |
| California - Davis | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Chapter 37 of the City of Davis Municipal Code | Davis Landscaping Ordinance - The City of Davis requires that 50% of the paved parking lot surface of any building shall be shaded with tree canopies within 15 years of acquisition of a building permit. Specific guidelines for the development of such canopy are outlined by the city. Only trees from the city's list may be used as parking lot shade trees unless otherwise approved by the city's arborist. It is recommended that the genera of trees be varied throughout the parking lot. Trees shall receive 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% shading credit based on their location relative to paved surfaces. | Active |
| California - Los Angeles | Urban Forestry Program; Outreach and Education Program | LADWP Cool Schools | Los Angeles Cool Schools Program - The Cool Schools program in Los Angeles teaches students to become environmental stewards through hands-on and classroom experience. Through the project, students have helped plant hundreds of trees around Los Angeles schools. Cool Schools creates an opportunity to teach lessons on biology, botany, horticulture, and related topics. | Active |
| California - Los Angeles | Urban Forestry Program | LADWP: Trees for a Green LA | Trees for a Green LA - Los Angeles residents interested in free trees from the Trees for a Green LA program first participate in an online or neighborhood workshop. Then they complete a site plan and apply for their free trees. Residents pledge on their applications to plant and care for the trees in a proper manner and allow the city to inspect their work for program evaluation and quality assurance purposes. | Active |
| California - Sacramento | Air Quality Requirement; Urban Forestry Program | Urban Forests for Clean Air Strategic Tree Planting in Sacramento (PDF) | Urban Forests for Clean Air - In 2006, Sacramento secured a large Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program grant to work on including urban forestry in its State Implementation Plan. The project, known as the Urban Forests for Clean Air demonstration project, involves the Sacramento Tree Foundation, the USDA Forest Service, the Sacramento Area Council of Governments and the Sacramento, El Dorado, and Placer and Feather River Air Districts. The project includes three phases: 1) initial estimates of the effects of the urban forest on air quality; 2) development of improved models to analyze these impacts; and 3) a final report on the findings. Under the first phase, the Forest Service's Center for Urban Forest Research estimated the impacts of trees on air quality using existing models and statistical analyses. That analysis predicted that one million additional trees could lower emissions of NOx by almost a quarter ton per day and particulate matter by over one ton per day. If trees that emitted low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were chosen, ground-level ozone could also be reduced by 1.5 tons daily. The long-term goal for the project is to develop the technical support for a SIP revision that includes large-scale, urban tree planting as a ground-level ozone reduction control strategy for the Sacramento region. | Active |
| California - Sacramento | Incentive; Urban Forestry Program | Rebates - Shade Trees | Sacramento Shade - Since 1990, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) has partnered with the Sacramento Tree Foundation to provide more than 350,000 free shade trees to residents in the Sacramento area. This program encourages residents to strategically plant vegetation around their homes to reduce energy consumption. Homes with an eastern, western, or southern exposure that heats up during the summer are eligible for this program. SMUD provides trees between four and seven feet tall (1.2–2.2 meters), as well as stakes, ties, fertilizer, tree delivery, and expert advice on tree selection and planting techniques free of charge. Homeowners must agree to plant and care for the trees. | Active |
| California - Sacramento | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Section 17.68.040 Tree Shading Requirements for Parking Lots | Sacramento Parking Lot Shading Ordinance - Since 1983, an ordinance in Sacramento's zoning code has required that enough trees be planted to shade 50% of new, or significantly altered, parking lots after 15 years of tree growth. A 2001 study found that the lots were only achieving about 25% shading because sometimes shade was double-counted, trees did not grow to their expected size under conditions of the lot, or trees were not adequately dispersed. Based on these findings, Sacramento modified its code in 2003 to improve coverage. | Active |
| California - San Jose | Green Building Program and Standards | Green Building Policy | San Jose Green Building Policy - The City of San Jose, California, includes landscape design for heat island mitigation as one of the goals of its Green Building Policy, adopted in 2001. The policy applies to planning, design, construction, management, renovation, operations, and demolition of facilities that are larger than 10,000 square feet and constructed, owned, managed, or financed by the city. | Active |
| District of Columbia - Washington | Comprehensive Plan and Design Guidelines; Air Quality Requirement | Plan to Improve Air Quality in the Washington, DC-MD-VA Region (PDF) | State Implementation Plan - The Washington D.C. region's State Implementation Plan includes a Regional Canopy Management Plan as a ground-level ozone reduction strategy. The plan involves working with local governments to establish goals for increasing tree canopy coverage and decreasing ground-level ozone pollution. | Active |
| Florida - Miami-Dade County | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | See Chapter 18A | Miami-Dade Landscaping Ordinance - In 1995, Miami-Dade County established landscaping ordinances for different classes of structures, which establish requirements for planted vegetation surrounding all buildings. For example, single-family residential units are required to have three trees (new construction only). | Active |
| Florida - Orlando | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | See Section 61.226 Street Trees | Code of the City of Orlando - Orlando, Florida, specifies that trees must be planted along both sides of a street, with one tree every 50 to 100 feet (15-30 m). The selected trees must eventually be capable of reaching a minimum height of 40 feet (12 m) and a crown spread of 30 feet (9 m). | Active |
| Georgia - Atlanta | Outreach and Education Program | Cool Communities | Cool Communities Program - Cool Communities is a nonprofit program in Atlanta aimed at improving urban environments and conserving energy by promoting the use of lighter, reflective roofing and paving materials as well as planting shade trees. | Active |
| Hawaii - Honolulu | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Bill 43 | The Land Use Ordinance relating to the Chinatown Special District - Honolulu's Park Dedication Ordinance contains landscaping requirements within the urban redevelopment area of Chinatown. Small-scaled interior landscaped courtyards and interior pedestrian walkways are encouraged as well as interior pedestrian walkways. The ordinance states "Street trees should be provided, as needed, to complement adjoining development and minimize the intrusion of towers on Chinatown street scenes. Tree species, spacing and size shall be in accordance with the City's tree planting standards or as approved by the director." | Active |
| Hawaii - Honolulu | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | See Section 21-4.70 (PDF) | Honolulu Parking Lot Shade Ordinance - The Honolulu Land Use Ordinance requires that parking lots within the city be landscaped or screened. Depending on the size of the parking lot, a tree canopy may also be required. | Active |
| Illinois - Chicago | Demonstration Project; Procurement | Green Alleys Green Alleys Handbook (PDF) | Chicago Green Alleys - Chicago, after the success of a demonstration project using permeable pavement, began a Green Alley initiative to use permeable pavement any time it needs to re-pave an alley. Forty-six alleys were renovated under this initiative in 2007; ultimately almost 2,000 miles of alleyways will be made permeable. The Green Alley Handbook notes that "if all the alleys had a light, reflective surface (high albedo) that reflected heat energy, [they would stay] cool on hot days and thereby reducing the "urban heat island effect." The handbook also mentions the heat island reduction benefits of shade trees and green roofs. | Active |
| Illinois - Chicago | Research; Demonstration Project; Building Code; Outreach and Education Program | Urban Heat Island Mitigation | Chicago Urban Heat Island Mitigation Program - The City of Chicago's Department of the Environment has been involved with reducing urban heat islands for several years. Some projects Chicago has conducted include constructing a porous pavement alley, revising the city's building code to require cool roofs, and launching a green roof program. | Active |
| Illinois - Chicago | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Chapter 17-11 Landscaping and Screening (PDF) | Chicago Landscape Ordinance - Chicago has a landscape ordinance that requires planting trees or shrubs on parkways and landscaping parking lots, loading docks, and other vehicular use areas, both within the sites themselves and to screen their perimeter. The ordinance applies to most new building construction, as well as repairs, remodeling, and enlargements of a particular size and cost. The Bureau of Forestry, which maintains the standards, must inspect and approve all parkway vegetation prior to planting. The Chicago Department of Zoning reviews all building and zoning permit applications to ensure compliance with the ordinance. | Active |
| Illinois - Chicago | Urban Forestry Program; Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Landscaped Medians | Chicago Landscaped Medians Program - Chicago has more than 65 miles of landscaped medians on arterial streets throughout the city. The Chicago Transportation Department plants trees and other vegetation in medians to reduce the urban heat island effect as well as to provide scenic landscaping. | Active |
| Kansas - Kansas City | Urban Forestry Program; Demonstration Project; Tree and Landscape Ordinance; Outreach and Education Program; Air Quality Requirement | Sustainable Skylines - Kansas | Kansas City Sustainable Skylines Initiative - Sustainable Skylines is a locally-led, EPA-supported, public-private partnership to reduce air emissions and promote sustainability in urban environments. Greater Kansas City was chosen as one of the first pilot communities to implement the Sustainable Skylines program. Projects in Kansas City include: an idling-reduction campaign, water conservation and strategic landscaping projects, converting parking lots to parks, solar demonstration projects, a community forum, and a diesel engine retrofits partnership. | Active |
| Louisiana - Baton Rouge | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Chapter 18 Landscape and Trees (PDF) | Baton Rouge Landscape and Trees Ordinance - In 2007, the City of Baton Rouge strengthened its landscape ordinance, which requires tree planting on all new developments, excluding single-family residences. The ordinance requires two shade trees for every 5,000 square feet of site, and one shade tree per 600 square feet of street frontage. Parking lot requirements include one shade tree per 15 parking spaces for a lot with one to 25 spaces; one shade tree per 12 parking spaces for a lot with 25 to 100 spaces; and one shade tree per 10 parking spaces for a lot over 100 spaces. For example, a 10,000-square-foot site with 600 square feet of storefront and 150 parking spaces would require 20 shade trees (i.e., four for the square footage of the site, one for the store frontage, and 15 for the parking lot). | Active |
| Maryland - Annapolis | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | See Chapter 17.09 | Annapolis Ordinance on Trees in Development Areas - Annapolis, Maryland has explicitly recognized the environmental value of trees and acted to protect them during construction. The "Tree Protection Ordinance" requires a survey of trees on a proposed development site and fences or other means to mark and protect designated trees during construction. The ordinance also prohibits certain activities, such as trenching or grading, within the dripline of trees unless specific precautions are followed. | Active |
| Maryland - Annapolis | Urban Forestry Program; Green Building Program and Standards; Tree and Landscape Ordinance; Resolution; Outreach and Education Program; Incentive | See Item 12 (PDF) | Annapolis Energy Efficiency Resolution - In October 2006, Annapolis, Maryland adopted a comprehensive energy efficiency resolution that included general goals and specific long-term targets for adopting a range of energy efficiency measures. One recommendation was to increase tree shading so that the city could sequester carbon dioxide, reduce the urban heat island effect, and lower ozone levels. In 2007, the city adopted a new tree protection ordinance as one step to protecting existing shade trees. This resolution also proposed green building goals, including adopting green building standards for public buildings, investigating incentives for green building construction, and developing an outreach and education program for the building community and government staff. The resolution also proposes increasing the urban forest canopy to 50% of the city’s land area by 2036. | Active |
| Maryland - Baltimore | Incentive; Urban Forestry Program | The Growing Home Campaign A Stewardship Success Story (PDF) | Baltimore's Growing Home Campaign - Since 2006, Baltimore County's Growing Home Campaign has provided $10 coupons to homeowners toward the purchase of most trees at local nurseries. Each coupon represents $5 of public funds and $5 of retail funds. In order to validate their coupon, homeowners provide information including tree type and location planted, allowing the county to integrate the data with future tree canopy studies. The county began the program as an innovative way to increase tree canopy cover as part of its larger "Green Renaissance" forest conservation and sustainability plan. In the first two months of the program, 1,700 trees were planted. | Active |
| Maryland - Statewide | Urban Forestry Program; Outreach and Education Program; Comprehensive Plan and Design Guidelines; Air Quality Requirement | See Section 6.3 Voluntary and Innovative Measures (PDF) | Maryland's State Implementation Plan - Maryland's State Implementation Plan includes a regional forest canopy program that aims to reduce the heat island effect. The program involves assistance and outreach to encourage tree plantings through the coordination of various state and local agencies. This program would be housed within the Department of Natural Resources and would be charged with management of a tree planting database and promoting outreach efforts to landowners and stakeholder groups. | Active |
| Maryland - Takoma Park | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Ordinance No. 2003-40 (PDF) | Takoma Park Trees and Vegetation Ordinance - The Takoma Park Ordinance provides protection to the urban forest. Tree impact assessments are required for paving activities, and permits are required to construct or develop land when trees would be affected. | Active |
| New Jersey - Elizabeth | Urban Forestry Program; Outreach and Education Program | Groundwork Elizabeth | Groundwork Elizabeth - Groundwork Elizabeth, a nonprofit group in Elizabeth, New Jersey, works to involve neighborhood residents in community revitalization projects, including tree planting at local schools and parks. The organization was instrumental in getting the city of Elizabeth involved in New Jersey's Cool Cities Initiative, which aims to plant trees primarily in the large cities of New Jersey with low tree coverage. | Active |
| New Mexico - Albuquerque | Research; Urban Forestry Program | Urban Forestry - City of Albuquerque | Albuquerque Urban Forest Improvement Initiative - The City of Albuquerque, New Mexico's Urban Forest Improvement Initiative combines multiple efforts to tap the benefits of urban trees. In addition to pledging to plant 2,000 trees per year, the city has hired an urban forester to design and manage municipal trees and commissioned the USDA Forest Service Center for Urban Forest Research to develop a Municipal Forest Resource Analysis. Completed in August 2006, the analysis found that Albuquerque received a benefit of $1.31 for each dollar invested in city trees. | Active |
| Pennsylvania - Statewide | Urban Forestry Program | TreeVitalize | TreeVitalize - The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources oversees a project called TreeVitalize, which brings together county and local governments, foundations, trade associations, and private industry to restore tree cover in the southeastern part of the state. TreeVitalize aims to plant more than 20,000 trees in approximately 40 neighborhoods in Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia counties. The program targets neighborhoods in older cities, boroughs, and townships where tree cover is below 25%. | Active |
| Tennessee - Knoxville | Urban Forestry Program; Comprehensive Plan and Design Guidelines | Table of Contents | Knoxville Street Tree Master Plan - Knoxville Master Street Tree Plan surveys the existing tree cover in Knoxville and Knox County and develops strategies to preserve and increase the urban canopy. Knoxville has established guiding principles, designated preferred species of trees, and evaluated and implemented opportunities to plant throughout the city. | Active |
| Texas - Austin | Green Building Program and Standards; Resolution; Comprehensive Plan and Design Guidelines | City of Austin - Heat Island Mitigation Resolution Austin Climate Protection Plan | Austin Heat Island Mitigation - In May 2001, the Austin City Council adopted a heat island mitigation resolution that committed the city manager to review recommendations for a variety of activities to diminish the city's heat island. In September of that year, the City Council awarded $1 million towards implementing the recommendations, which ranged from developing a cool roof strategy to increasing enforcement of the city's tree-saving ordinance. Austin's Climate Protection Plan incorporates heat island reduction through its green building and energy efficiency elements. | Active |
| Texas - Dallas | Urban Forestry Program; Green Building Program and Standards; Demonstration Project; Tree and Landscape Ordinance; Resolution; Zoning Code; Building Code; Outreach and Education Program; Comprehensive Plan and Design Guidelines; Incentive; Air Quality Requirement | Sustainable Skylines - Dallas Urban Heat Island Project | Dallas Sustainable Skylines Initiative - The Sustainable Skylines initiative is a three-year partnership between the City of Dallas, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTOG) to promote sustainability within the City via voluntary programs which emphasize air quality improvements. The initiative has identified the following categories of potential projects to initially perform together: green buildings project, creating a greenhouse gas strategy, green taxis project, off-road equipment replacements and retrofits, renewable energy/energy efficiency outreach program, and an urban heat island project. The goal of the urban heat island project is to develop and implement an urban heat island program for the City of Dallas that will both decrease heated surfaces and increase permeability of surfaces in the Central City and other areas of Dallas. | Active |
| Texas - Houston | Incentive | Downtown Houston Development Assistance (PDF) Vertical Gardens Grant Initiative (PDF) | Vertical Gardens Matching Grant Initiative - The Houston Downtown Management District (HDMD) Vertical Gardens Matching Grant initiative first gave grants in 2007 to encourage plantings that cover walls. The grants also support exceptional landscaping that adds significant evapotranspiration and shade for blank walls, parking garages, and sidewalks. The program goals include improving overall aesthetics, pedestrian comfort, air quality, and reducing the heat island effect. Grants cannot exceed half of the total project cost or $20,000, and contributions can be in kind. Tenants, property owners, and registered non-profits can all apply. | Active |
| Texas - Houston | Research; Demonstration Project; Outreach and Education Program; Air Quality Requirement | Houston Urban Heat Island Effect | Cool Houston! - Cool Houston! is a program led by the Houston Advanced Research Center and is designed to reduce urban temperatures through use of cool technologies – reflective and green roofing, paving with light colored or porous materials, and a greatly expanded forest canopy. | Active |
| Texas - San Antonio | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | San Antonio Ordinance (PDF) | San Antonio Tree Preservation Ordinance - San Antonio, Texas requires different levels of tree protection based on tree class or location. The ordinance classifies significant trees, heritage trees, and trees within the 100-year floodplain. For example, heritage trees (defined, for most species, as trees 24 inches [60 cm] or greater in diameter at breast height), must be preserved. The ordinance, however, generally counts total tree diameter-inches at a site, not individual trees, and gives flexibility in preservation: up to 90% of the tree-diameter-inches can be considered preserved if the developer plants an equal or greater number of tree-diameter-inches elsewhere. Developers can also fulfill the preservation requirement by contributing to the city's tree fund. | Active |
| Texas - Taylor | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Click on Ordinances, and then Landscape Ordinance | Landscape Ordinance for Taylor, Texas - The City of Taylor requires that all outdoor parking areas having spaces for more than twenty vehicles have landscaping within the perimeter of the parking area equal in area to not less than 5% of the total paved area. Further, no parking space is to be located more than seventy feet from a portion of the required landscaping, and one tree of at least two inch caliper in size will be provided within the perimeter of the parking area for each two hundred fifty square feet of landscaping required. | Active |
| Utah - Highland | Comprehensive Plan and Design Guidelines | General Plan Update 2008 | Highland City General Plan - The Town of Highland, Utah, created a master plan for a 50-acre (200,000 m2) overlay zone to be privately developed as a town center. The city design guidelines for the zone recommended several heat island mitigation elements, including reflective roofing, reflective parking lot surfaces, and landscaping. Those guidelines were then adopted into the zoning requirements for the town center. | Active |
| Utah - Salt Lake City | Outreach and Education Program | Kool Kids | Utah Kool Kids Program - The Utah State Energy Program, Utah Department of Natural Resources, and the National Energy Foundation worked together to create the Utah Kool Kids program to teach elementary and secondary age students about urban heat islands, their impacts on energy and air quality, and heat island reduction strategies. The program gives teachers lesson plans, overheads, test questions, experiments, and research tools to engage students. | Active |
| Utah - Salt Lake City | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | See Chapter 21A.48.070 | Salt Lake City Parking Lot Shade Tree Ordinance - Salt Lake City stipulates, via ordinance, that all hard-surfaced parking lots or hard-surfaced vehicle sales or lease lots, for passenger cars and light trucks, with 15 or more parking spaces, must provide landscaping amounting to not less than 5% of the interior of the lot. The ordinance specifies the number of shrubs and trees per foot of front, corner, interior, and rear side yards required for compliance. | Active |
| Utah - Statewide | Urban Forestry Program; Outreach and Education Program | Statewide Urban & Community Forestry Program | TreeUtah - TreeUtah has launched a comprehensive initiative, the MetroGreening Program, that uses advertising, outreach, and educational workshops to promote proper planting and maintenance of trees to reduce heating and cooling costs, diminish the heat island effect, and achieve other benefits in Utah's most densely-populated regions. | Active |
| Virginia - Fairfax County | Comprehensive Plan and Design Guidelines | Fairfax County Tree Action Plan (PDF) | Tree Action Plan - In June 2007, Fairfax County, Virginia set a precedent by selecting an urban forestry canopy goal of 45%. The county developed this target after it determined that current tree management efforts would lead to a decrease in canopy size from 41% to 37% over the next 30 years. To combat this loss, the county has proposed increasing the average number of trees planted from 21,000 to 84,000, justifying the expense of additional trees by citing the multiple benefits they provide. | Active |
| Washington - Seattle | Tree and Landscape Ordinance | Street Tree Planting Procedures | Seattle Street Tree Planting - Seattle requires a street use permit before landscaping in a planting strip in a public right-of-way. For street trees, the strip must be at least 5 feet (1.5 m) wide, unless specific approval from the city's arborist is received. Five feet is generally recommended as the minimum width for planting most trees. A guide is available to help property owners select and install trees in accordance with the city's requirements. | Active |
| Washington - Seattle | Urban Forestry Program; Incentive | Seattle reLeaf | Seattle Urban Forestry Initiative - Since 1996, Seattle's Neighborhood Matching Fund program has provided more than 17,200 trees to more than 600 neighborhood groups for Seattle's streets and parks, and the city has established the Emerald City Task Force, which advises the city on incentives and policies to encourage private property owners – residential and commercial – to improve their land by preserving existing trees and planting new ones. | Active |
| Washington - Seattle | Zoning Code | Department of Planning and Development - Green Factor | Seattle Green Factor - Seattle has adopted minimum landscape requirements, known as the Seattle Green Factor, for new developments in commercial areas in the city. This program requires that, as of late January 2007, certain new developments in neighborhood business districts must provide for vegetative cover on the equivalent of 30% of the applicable property. The regulations apply to developments with more than four dwelling units, more than 4,000 square feet (370 m2) of commercial uses, or more than 20 new parking spaces. Developers can use a menu of strategies, including planting new trees, preserving trees, and installing green roofs and green walls to meet this target. The regulations are part of the city's Commercial Code and encourage planting of layers of vegetation and larger trees in areas visible to the public. The rules also include bonuses for harvesting rain water and choosing plants that need less water. The city has developed a worksheet to help applicants calculate a "score" that indicates whether various mixes of landscaping measures meet the requirements, which will allow developers to try different combinations of features. | Active |