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 | Air |
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| 1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 1.1. PURPOSE OF REPORT | |
| 1.2. SCOPE OF THE REPORT | |
| 2. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON ECONOMIC INCENTIVES | |
| 2.2.6. Reinventing Environmental Regulations | |
| 2.3.2. EPA Air and Water Policy Initiatives | |
| 2.4. LEGISLATION: CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 | |
| 4.3. AIR EMISSION FEES | |
| 4.3. AIR EMISSION FEES | |
| 4.3.1. Permit Fees | |
| 4.3.1. Permit Fees | |
| 4.3.1. Permit Fees | |
| 4.3.1.1. Air Emission Permit Fees in Maine | |
| 4.3.1.1. Air Emission Permit Fees in Maine | |
| 4.3.1.2. Emission Permit Fees for South Coast Air Quality Management District | |
| 4.3.1.2. Emission Permit Fees for South Coast Air Quality Management District | |
| 4.3.1.2. Emission Permit Fees for South Coast Air Quality Management District | |
| 4.3.1.3. California "Hot Spots" Fees | |
| 4.3.1.3. California "Hot Spots" Fees | |
| 4.3.2. Ozone Non-Attainment Area Fees | |
| 4.3.2. Ozone Non-Attainment Area Fees | |
| 4.5.1.3. Ozone-depleting Chemicals | |
| 4.5.1.3. Ozone-depleting Chemicals | |
| 4.5.2.6. Texas Clean Fuel Incentive Surcharge | |
| 4.5.2.6. Texas Clean Fuel Incentive Surcharge | |
| 4.6. ROAD USER FEES | |
| 4.6. ROAD USER FEES | |
| 6.1. TRADING IN CLEAN AIR ACT PROGRAMS: AN OVERVIEW | |
| 6.1. TRADING IN CLEAN AIR ACT PROGRAMS: AN OVERVIEW | |
| 6.2. FOUNDATIONS OF AIR EMISSION TRADING | |
| 6.2. FOUNDATIONS OF AIR EMISSION TRADING | |
| 6.2.1. Offset Program | |
| 6.2.1. Offset Program | |
| 6.2.2. Bubble Policy | |
| 6.2.2. Bubble Policy | |
| 6.2.3. Banking | |
| 6.2.3. Banking | |
| 6.2.4. Netting | |
| 6.2.4. Netting | |
| 6.2.5. Evaluation of Early Emission Trading Activities | |
| 6.2.5. Evaluation of Early Emission Trading Activities | |
| 6.3. ACID RAIN ALLOWANCE TRADING | |
| 6.3. ACID RAIN ALLOWANCE TRADING | |
| 6.3.1. Allowances | |
| 6.3.1. Allowances | |
| 6.3.2. Monitoring and Compliance | |
| 6.3.2. Monitoring and Compliance | |
| 6.3.3. Allowance Auction | |
| 6.3.3. Allowance Auction | |
| 6.3.4. Transaction Costs | |
| 6.3.4. Transaction Costs | |
| 6.3.5. Results | |
| 6.3.5. Results | |
| 6.4. NOx REGIONAL OZONE PROGRAMS | |
| 6.4. NOx REGIONAL OZONE PROGRAMS | |
| 6.4.1. OTC NOx Budget Program | |
| 6.4.1. OTC NOx Budget Program | |
| 6.4.2. NOx Budget Trading Program | |
| 6.4.2. NOx Budget Trading Program | |
| 6.5. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC) PRODUCTION ALLOWANCE TRADING | |
| 6.5. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC) PRODUCTION ALLOWANCE TRADING | |
| 6.6. LEAD CREDIT TRADING | |
| 6.6. LEAD CREDIT TRADING | |
| 6.8. TIER 2 EMISSION STANDARDS | |
| 6.8. TIER 2 EMISSION STANDARDS | |
| 6.9. HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK ENGINE EMISSION AVERAGING | |
| 6.9. HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK ENGINE EMISSION AVERAGING | |
| 6.10. CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS | |
| 6.10. CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS | |
| 6.11. HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT (HAP) EARLY REDUCTION | |
| 6.11. HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT (HAP) EARLY REDUCTION | |
| 6.11.1. The Petroleum Industry NESHAP | |
| 6.11.1. The Petroleum Industry NESHAP | |
| 6.11.2. Hazardous Organic Chemical NESHAP | |
| 6.11.2. Hazardous Organic Chemical NESHAP | |
| 6.12. REGIONAL CLEAN AIR INCENTIVES MARKET (RECLAIM) | |
| 6.12. REGIONAL CLEAN AIR INCENTIVES MARKET (RECLAIM) | |
| 6.13. OTHER STATE PROGRAMS | |
| 6.13. OTHER STATE PROGRAMS | |
| 6.13.1. Illinois Emission Reduction Market System | |
| 6.13.1. Illinois Emission Reduction Market System | |
| 6.13.2. Michigan Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.13.2. Michigan Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.13.3. New Jersey Emission Trading Program | |
| 6.13.3. New Jersey Emission Trading Program | |
| 6.13.4. Texas Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.13.4. Texas Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.13.5. Pennsylvania Emission Reduction Credit System | |
| 6.13.5. Pennsylvania Emission Reduction Credit System | |
| 6.13.6. Wood Stove and Fireplace Permit Trading (Colorado) | |
| 6.13.6. Wood Stove and Fireplace Permit Trading (Colorado) | |
| 6.13.7. Grass-Burning Permit Trading (Washington) | |
| 6.13.7. Grass-Burning Permit Trading (Washington) | |
| 6.16. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | |
| 6.16. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | |
| 7.7. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND LOW-EMITTING VEHICLES | |
| 7.7. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND LOW-EMITTING VEHICLES | |
| 7.7.2. State Subsidies | |
| 7.7.2. State Subsidies | |
| 7.7.3. Car Buyback Schemes | |
| 7.7.3. Car Buyback Schemes | |
| 7.8. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CONSERVATION | |
| 7.8. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CONSERVATION | |
| 8.4.4. Clean Air Act (CAA) | |
| 8.4.4. Clean Air Act (CAA) | |
| 9.8. HOT SPOTS ACT | |
| 9.8. HOT SPOTS ACT | |
| 10.2.5. Methane Reduction Programs | |
| 10.2.5. Methane Reduction Programs | |
| 10.2.6. Coalbed Methane Outreach Program | |
| 10.2.6. Coalbed Methane Outreach Program | |
| 10.2.7. Natural Gas Star Program | |
| 10.2.7. Natural Gas Star Program | |
| Land |
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| 1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 1.1. PURPOSE OF REPORT | |
| 1.2. SCOPE OF THE REPORT | |
| 2. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON ECONOMIC INCENTIVES | |
| 2.2.5. National Performance Review | |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 4.8. GRAZING FEES | |
| 4.8. GRAZING FEES | |
| 4.9. MINNESOTA CONTAMINATION TAX | |
| 4.9. MINNESOTA CONTAMINATION TAX | |
| 5.7. PERFORMANCE BONDS | |
| 5.7. PERFORMANCE BONDS | |
| 6.15. WETLAND MITIGATION BANKING | |
| 6.15. WETLAND MITIGATION BANKING | |
| 7.3. BROWNFIELDS PROGRAMS | |
| 7.3. BROWNFIELDS PROGRAMS | |
| 7.3.1. EPA Pilot Project Grants | |
| 7.3.1. EPA Pilot Project Grants | |
| 7.3.2. Tax Incentives and Loans | |
| 7.3.2. Tax Incentives and Loans | |
| 7.4. FARMING AND LAND PRESERVATION | |
| 7.4. FARMING AND LAND PRESERVATION | |
| 7.4.1. Conservation Reserve Program | |
| 7.4.1. Conservation Reserve Program | |
| 7.4.2. Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program | |
| 7.4.2. Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program | |
| 7.4.3. Wetlands Reserve Program | |
| 7.4.3. Wetlands Reserve Program | |
| 7.4.4. Compliance Provisions | |
| 7.4.4. Compliance Provisions | |
| 7.4.5. Highly Erodible Land Conservation Compliance and "Sodbuster" | |
| 7.4.5. Highly Erodible Land Conservation Compliance and "Sodbuster" | |
| 7.4.6. Swampbuster Program | |
| 7.4.6. Swampbuster Program | |
| 7.4.7. Subsidy Programs Created under 1996 Farm Bill | |
| 7.4.7. Subsidy Programs Created under 1996 Farm Bill | |
| 7.4.8. Impacts of Conservation Programs | |
| 7.4.8. Impacts of Conservation Programs | |
| 7.4.9. State Initiatives | |
| 7.4.9. State Initiatives | |
| 7.4.10. Purchase of Development Rights | |
| 7.4.10. Purchase of Development Rights | |
| 7.11.1. Subsidies for Timber, Minerals, and Water Extraction | |
| 7.11.1. Subsidies for Timber, Minerals, and Water Extraction | |
| 8.2. LIABILITY FOR CLEANUP COSTS | |
| 8.2. LIABILITY FOR CLEANUP COSTS | |
| 8.3. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE TO NATURAL RESOURCES | |
| 8.3. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE TO NATURAL RESOURCES | |
| 8.4.1. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) | |
| 8.4.1. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) | |
| 8.4.2. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) | |
| 8.4.2. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) | |
| Multimedia |
| |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 1.1. PURPOSE OF REPORT | |
| 1.2. SCOPE OF THE REPORT | |
| 2. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON ECONOMIC INCENTIVES | |
| 3.3. INCENTIVE-BASED MECHANISMS | |
| 3.3.2. Deposit-Refund Systems | |
| 3.3.3. Marketable Permit Systems | |
| 3.3.5. Liability for Harm Caused by Pollution | |
| 3.3.6. Information Disclosure | |
| 3.4. RELATIVE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY | |
| 3.6. IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY | |
| 3.7. FINDING THE RIGHT INSTRUMENT FOR THE PROBLEM | |
| 4.1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 4.1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 4.5. PRODUCT CHARGES | |
| 4.5. PRODUCT CHARGES | |
| 4.5.1. Federal Product Charges | |
| 4.5.1. Federal Product Charges | |
| 6. TRADING SYSTEMS | |
| 7.1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 7.1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 7.2. POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL | |
| 7.2. POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL | |
| 7.2.2. Louisiana Environmental Scorecard | |
| 7.2.2. Louisiana Environmental Scorecard | |
| 7.2.3. Supplemental Environmental Projects | |
| 7.2.3. Supplemental Environmental Projects | |
| 7.11. SUBSIDIES THAT MAY HARM THE ENVIRONMENT | |
| 7.11. SUBSIDIES THAT MAY HARM THE ENVIRONMENT | |
| 7.11.3. Mortgage Interest Tax Deduction | |
| 7.11.3. Mortgage Interest Tax Deduction | |
| 8. LIABILITY APPROACHES | |
| 8.4. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY | |
| 8.4. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY | |
| 8.5. TORT LIABILITY | |
| 8.5. TORT LIABILITY | |
| 9.1. BACKGROUND | |
| 9.1. BACKGROUND | |
| 9.2. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA) | |
| 9.2. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA) | |
| 9.3. EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT (EPCRA) | |
| 9.3. EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT (EPCRA) | |
| 9.3.2. Incentive Effect of the Toxics Release Inventory | |
| 9.3.2. Incentive Effect of the Toxics Release Inventory | |
| 9.4. STATE CHEMICAL REPORTING PROGRAMS | |
| 9.4. STATE CHEMICAL REPORTING PROGRAMS | |
| 9.4.1. Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act | |
| 9.4.1. Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act | |
| 9.4.2. New Jersey Reporting Requirements | |
| 9.4.2. New Jersey Reporting Requirements | |
| 9.9. LABELING SCHEMES | |
| 9.9. LABELING SCHEMES | |
| 9.11. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC) DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| 9.11. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC) DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| 10.7. VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS DEVELOPED BY EPA REGIONS | |
| 10.7. VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS DEVELOPED BY EPA REGIONS | |
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| 3.3.4. Subsidies for Reducing Pollution or Improving the Environment | |
| 4.4. WASTE FEES | |
| 4.4. WASTE FEES | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Programs | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Programs | |
| 4.4.2. Landfill Taxes | |
| 4.4.2. Landfill Taxes | |
| 4.4.3. Hazardous Waste Taxes | |
| 4.4.3. Hazardous Waste Taxes | |
| 4.5.2. State Product Charges | |
| 4.5.2. State Product Charges | |
| 4.5.2.1. Tire Charges | |
| 4.5.2.1. Tire Charges | |
| 4.5.2.3. Rhode Island Hard-to-Dispose Material Tax | |
| 4.5.2.3. Rhode Island Hard-to-Dispose Material Tax | |
| 4.5.2.4. Florida ADF | |
| 4.5.2.5. North Carolina ADF | |
| 4.5.2.5. North Carolina ADF | |
| 5.1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 5.1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 5.2.1. Maine Bottle Deposit System | |
| 5.2.1. Maine Bottle Deposit System | |
| 5.2.2. California Beverage Container Recycling Program | |
| 5.2.2. California Beverage Container Recycling Program | |
| 5.2.3. Summary of Beverage Deposit/Refund Systems | |
| 5.2.3. Summary of Beverage Deposit/Refund Systems | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 5.4. MAINE PESTICIDE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEM | |
| 5.4. MAINE PESTICIDE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEM | |
| 5.5. OTHER PRODUCTS | |
| 5.5. OTHER PRODUCTS | |
| 5.6. VOLUNTARY DEPOSIT SCHEMES | |
| 5.6. VOLUNTARY DEPOSIT SCHEMES | |
| 7.5. CONSUMER PRODUCT WASTE MANAGEMENT | |
| 7.5. CONSUMER PRODUCT WASTE MANAGEMENT | |
| 7.5.1. Advance Disposal Fee Systems | |
| 7.5.1. Advance Disposal Fee Systems | |
| 7.5.2. Deposit Handling Fees | |
| 7.5.2. Deposit Handling Fees | |
| 7.5.3. Recycling Loans and Grants | |
| 7.5.3. Recycling Loans and Grants | |
| 7.5.4. Tax Incentives | |
| 7.5.4. Tax Incentives | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| 7.5.6. Recycled Content Policies | |
| 7.5.6. Recycled Content Policies | |
| 7.6. NEW JERSEY'S INFORMATION AWARDS PROGRAM | |
| 7.6. NEW JERSEY'S INFORMATION AWARDS PROGRAM | |
| 10.8.1. Massachusetts Recycled Newsprint Program | |
| 10.8.1. Massachusetts Recycled Newsprint Program | |
| Toxic substances |
| |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 1.1. PURPOSE OF REPORT | |
| 1.2. SCOPE OF THE REPORT | |
| 2. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON ECONOMIC INCENTIVES | |
| 2.2.4. Greening the Government | |
| 4.4.3. Hazardous Waste Taxes | |
| 4.4.3. Hazardous Waste Taxes | |
| Water |
| |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | |
| 1.1. PURPOSE OF REPORT | |
| 1.2. SCOPE OF THE REPORT | |
| 2. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON ECONOMIC INCENTIVES | |
| 2.2.5. National Performance Review | |
| 2.2.6. Reinventing Environmental Regulations | |
| 2.3.2. EPA Air and Water Policy Initiatives | |
| 4.2. WATER FEES | |
| 4.2. WATER FEES | |
| 4.2.1. Indirect Discharge and User Fees | |
| 4.2.1. Indirect Discharge and User Fees | |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Some State Effluent Permitting Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Some State Effluent Permitting Fees | |
| 4.2.4. Stormwater Runoff Fees | |
| 4.2.4. Stormwater Runoff Fees | |
| 4.5.2. State Product Charges | |
| 4.5.2. State Product Charges | |
| 4.5.2.2. Fertilizer Charges | |
| 4.5.2.2. Fertilizer Charges | |
| 4.5.2.3. Rhode Island Hard-to-Dispose Material Tax | |
| 4.5.2.3. Rhode Island Hard-to-Dispose Material Tax | |
| 6.14. EFFLUENT TRADING | |
| 6.14. EFFLUENT TRADING | |
| 6.14.1. Effluent Bubble | |
| 6.14.1. Effluent Bubble | |
| 6.14.2. Effluent Trading: Point-to-Point | |
| 6.14.2. Effluent Trading: Point-to-Point | |
| 6.14.3.1. Dillon Reservoir | |
| 6.14.3.1. Dillon Reservoir | |
| 6.14.3.2. Cherry Creek Reservoir | |
| 6.14.3.2. Cherry Creek Reservoir | |
| 6.14.3.3. Tar Pamlico Basin | |
| 6.14.3.3. Tar Pamlico Basin | |
| 7.4.7. Subsidy Programs Created under 1996 Farm Bill | |
| 7.4.7. Subsidy Programs Created under 1996 Farm Bill | |
| 7.9. MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CONSTRUCTION | |
| 7.9. MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CONSTRUCTION | |
| 7.11.1. Subsidies for Timber, Minerals, and Water Extraction | |
| 7.11.1. Subsidies for Timber, Minerals, and Water Extraction | |
| 7.11.2. Agriculture | |
| 7.11.2. Agriculture | |
| 8.3. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE TO NATURAL RESOURCES | |
| 8.3. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE TO NATURAL RESOURCES | |
| 8.4.2. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) | |
| 8.4.2. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) | |
| 8.4.3. Clean Water Act (CWA) | |
| 8.4.3. Clean Water Act (CWA) | |
| 9.5. DRINKING WATER CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT | |
| 9.5. DRINKING WATER CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT | |
| 10.3.5. Water Alliances for Voluntary Efficiency (WAVE) | |
| 10.3.5. Water Alliances for Voluntary Efficiency (WAVE) | |