 | | |
|---|
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-16: U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WATER SUBSIDIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
|
| |
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.3. MARKETABLE PERMIT SYSTEMS | |
| 11.3.2. Water Pollution | |
| 11.3.3. Water Use Rights | |
| 11.4.3. Subsidies for Resource Conservation | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4.2. Subsidies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.4. Noise | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| FIGURE 11-1: ANNUAL CHARGE PAYMENTS FOR HYPOTHETICAL INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-7: DISCHARGE SCENARIOS FOR FIGURE 11-1 | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.4.4. Environmentally Harmful Subsidies | |
| FIGURE 11-13: ELECTRIC POWER PRICES, 1988 | |
| TABLE 11-9: IMPACT OF SEWAGE CHARGES ON POLLUTION IN SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL | |
|
| |
| 11.4.2. Subsidies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions | |
|
| |
| TABLE 11-5: AIR POLLUTION CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| 4.3.1. Permit Fees | |
| 4.3.1.2. Air Emission Permit Fees in the South Coast Air Quality Management District | |
| 4.3.1.3. California "Hot Spots" Fees | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 4.4.3. Hazardous Waste Taxes | |
| 4.6. ROAD USER FEES | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 5.2.2. California Beverage Container Recycling Program | |
| 6.1.1.5. Evaluation of Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.1.2. RECLAIM | |
| 6.1.11. Heavy Duty Truck Engine Emissions | |
| 7.2.4. Loans and Tax-exempt Bonds | |
| 7.5.2. Deposit Handling Fees | |
| 7.5.3. Recycling Loans and Grants | |
| 7.7.2. State Subsidies | |
| 7.7.3. Car Buyback Schemes | |
| 8.3. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY | |
| 9.4. PROPOSITION 65 | |
| 9.5. HOT SPOTS ACT | |
| 9.6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACTS | |
| 9.8. ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AWARDS | |
| FIGURE 4-3: HOUSEHOLD WASTE LANDFILLING AND RECYCLING IN SAN JOSE | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 3-2: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-1: OVERVIEW OF FEES, CHARGES, AND TAXES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-4: EMISSION FEES IN SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT | |
| TABLE 4-5: AIR TOXICS AND OZONE-DEPLETING CHEMICALS FEES IN SCAQMD
($ PER POUND) | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
| TABLE 4-8: HAZARDOUS WASTE LAND DISPOSAL FEES IN CALIFORNIA, FY 1996 | |
| TABLE 4-9: HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION FEES IN CALIFORNIA, CY 1996 | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 6-1: EMISSION TRADING ACTIVITY IN THE LOS ANGELES AREA | |
| TABLE 6-2: RECLAIM TRADING CREDIT PRICES | |
| TABLE 7-1: THE USE OF SUBSIDIES IN U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
| TABLE 7-16: U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WATER SUBSIDIES | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
| TABLE 10-2: WAVE INVESTMENTS AND SAVINGS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.2. Air | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.3. MARKETABLE PERMIT SYSTEMS | |
| 11.3.1. Air Pollution | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.4.2. Subsidies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | |
| 11.3. MARKETABLE PERMIT SYSTEMS | |
| 11.3.1. Air Pollution | |
| 11.3.3. Water Use Rights | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.2.2. Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| TABLE 7-3: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONSERVATION SUBSIDY PROGRAMS | |
|
| |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TRADING SYSTEMS | |
| 6.1.14. Wood Stove and Fireplace Permit Trading | |
| 6.2.3.1. Dillon Reservoir | |
| 6.2.3.2. Cherry Creek | |
| 6.2.3.4. Other Point-Nonpoint Trading Proposals | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
| TABLE 7-16: U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WATER SUBSIDIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 7.7.2. State Subsidies | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
|
| |
| 11.8. DEBT-FOR-NATURE SWAPS AND JOINT IMPLEMENTATION | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.2.2. Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| TABLE 11-3: CHARGES ON LANDFILL OPERATORS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC | |
| TABLE 11-5: AIR POLLUTION CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
| TABLE 11-8: WATER EFFLUENT CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 6.1.1.5. Evaluation of Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.1.3.2. Delaware | |
| 7.3.2. Tax Incentives and Loans | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.1. Charges on Agricultural Inputs | |
| 11.1.5.2. Energy/carbon Taxes | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4.3. Subsidies for Resource Conservation | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-12: ENERGY/CARBON TAXES | |
| TABLE 11-13: 1994 ENERGY TAXES IN DENMARK | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.4.2. Landfill Taxes | |
| 6.1.5. OTC/OTAG Regional NOx Reduction Program | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| 7.7.2. State Subsidies | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
|
| |
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.1. Charges on Agricultural Inputs | |
| 11.1.5.2. Energy/carbon Taxes | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-12: ENERGY/CARBON TAXES | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.5.2.4. Florida ADF | |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 6.2.3.4. Other Point-Nonpoint Trading Proposals | |
| 6.3.2.5. Palm Beach County, Florida | |
| 7.4.9. State Initiatives | |
| 7.4.12.1. State Initiatives | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| 7.10.2. Agriculture | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.2. Air | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.3.5. Effluent Charges in France | |
| 11.1.4. Noise | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| FIGURE 11-1: ANNUAL CHARGE PAYMENTS FOR HYPOTHETICAL INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-7: DISCHARGE SCENARIOS FOR FIGURE 11-1 | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.3.3. Effluent Charges in Germany | |
| 11.1.4. Noise | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.3. MARKETABLE PERMIT SYSTEMS | |
| 11.3.1. Air Pollution | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| FIGURE 11-1: ANNUAL CHARGE PAYMENTS FOR HYPOTHETICAL INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE | |
| FIGURE 11-2: POINT SOURCE EFFLUENT CHARGES IN GERMANY | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-7: DISCHARGE SCENARIOS FOR FIGURE 11-1 | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 10-2: WAVE INVESTMENTS AND SAVINGS | |
|
| |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| TABLE 3-4: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FROM OTHER POLLUTION-RELATED ACTIONS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| TABLE 11-5: AIR POLLUTION CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 7.5.4. Tax Incentives | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 9.10. RADON AND LEAD PAINT DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| 7.4.9. State Initiatives | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| FIGURE 11-13: ELECTRIC POWER PRICES, 1988 | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| 11.7. VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS | |
|
| |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.2. Air | |
| 11.1.4. Noise | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.4.2. Subsidies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| 11.7. VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 7.5.4. Tax Incentives | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.3.1. Air Pollution | |
| 11.3.4. Water-energy Trading | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 11.3.4. Water-energy Trading | |
|
| |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
|
| |
| 4.6. ROAD USER FEES | |
| 6.1.2. RECLAIM | |
| 7.7.2. State Subsidies | |
| 7.7.3. Car Buyback Schemes | |
| TABLE 6-2: RECLAIM TRADING CREDIT PRICES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 7.2.2. Louisiana Environmental Scorecard | |
| TABLE 4-1: OVERVIEW OF FEES, CHARGES, AND TAXES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 7-2: POINTS AWARDED AND SUBTRACTED UNDER LOUISIANA SCORECARD SYSTEM | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.3.1. Permit Fees | |
| 4.3.1.1. Air Emission Permit Fees in Maine | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 5.2.1. Maine Bottle Bill | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 5.4. MAINE PESTICIDE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEM | |
| 7.5.2. Deposit Handling Fees | |
| FIGURE 5-2: ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTOR COSTS OF MAINE DEPOSIT SCHEMES | |
| TABLE 4-1: OVERVIEW OF FEES, CHARGES, AND TAXES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-3: AIR EMISSIONS PERMIT FEES IN MAINE
| |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 5-2: ESTIMATED COLLECTION AMOUNTS AND COSTS OF CURBSIDE AND DEPOSIT PROGRAMS IN MAINE COMMUNITY OF 25,000 INHABITANT S | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.6. Other Measures to Curb Congestion | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 6.2.3.4. Other Point-Nonpoint Trading Proposals | |
| 6.3.2.1. Montgomery County, Maryland | |
| 6.3.2.2. Talbot County, Maryland | |
| 6.3.2.3. Maryland Purchase of Development Right (PDR) Program | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 5.2.1. Maine Bottle Bill | |
| 6.1.1.5. Evaluation of Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.1.3.3. Massachusetts | |
| 6.1.5. OTC/OTAG Regional NOx Reduction Program | |
| 7.3.1. EPA Pilot Project Grants | |
| 7.7.2. State Subsidies | |
| 9.3. STATE EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT (EPCRA) PROGRAMS | |
| 9.3.1. Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act | |
| 9.6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACTS | |
| 10.9.1. Massachusetts Recycled Newsprint Program | |
| FIGURE 9-1: MASSACHUSETTS TOXICS USE AND BYPRODUCTS | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
| TABLE 10-2: WAVE INVESTMENTS AND SAVINGS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.6. Other Measures to Curb Congestion | |
|
| |
| 6.4.2. Proposed Cross-Border Trading Program: El Paso Region | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.6. Other Measures to Curb Congestion | |
| 11.3. MARKETABLE PERMIT SYSTEMS | |
| 11.3.1. Air Pollution | |
| FIGURE 11-13: ELECTRIC POWER PRICES, 1988 | |
|
| |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 6.1.1.5. Evaluation of Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.1.3.4. Michigan | |
| 7.3.1. EPA Pilot Project Grants | |
| TABLE 3-2: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 4.9. MINNESOTA CONTAMINATION TAX | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 7.4.9. State Initiatives | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 7-16: U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WATER SUBSIDIES | |
|
| |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.3.4. Effluent Charges in the Netherlands | |
| 11.1.4. Noise | |
| 11.1.5.2. Energy/carbon Taxes | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4.2. Subsidies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions | |
| 11.4.3. Subsidies for Resource Conservation | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| 11.7. VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| FIGURE 11-1: ANNUAL CHARGE PAYMENTS FOR HYPOTHETICAL INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE | |
| FIGURE 11-3: EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE NETHERLANDS | |
| FIGURE 11-4: EFFLUENT CHARGE REVENUES IN THE NETHERLANDS | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-7: DISCHARGE SCENARIOS FOR FIGURE 11-1 | |
| TABLE 11-12: ENERGY/CARBON TAXES | |
| TABLE 11-14: CARBON/ENERGY TAXES IN THE NETHERLANDS | |
| TABLE 11-15: CARBON/ENERGY TAXES APPLIED TO FUELS IN THE NETHERLANDS | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 7-16: U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WATER SUBSIDIES | |
|
| |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 5.2.1. Maine Bottle Bill | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| 4.4.2. Landfill Taxes | |
| 6.1.1.5. Evaluation of Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.1.3.5. New Jersey | |
| 6.3.2.4. The Pinelands, New Jersey | |
| 7.3.2. Tax Incentives and Loans | |
| 7.6. NEW JERSEY INFORMATION AWARDS PROGRAM | |
| 8.3. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY | |
| 9.3. STATE EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT (EPCRA) PROGRAMS | |
| 9.3.2. New Jersey Reporting Requirements | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 3-2: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 7-1: THE USE OF SUBSIDIES IN U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 4.3.1. Permit Fees | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 4.4.3. Hazardous Waste Taxes | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 6.2.3.4. Other Point-Nonpoint Trading Proposals | |
| 7.2.1. Tax Benefits | |
| 7.7.2. State Subsidies | |
| 9.6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACTS | |
| TABLE 3-2: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.3.3. Water Use Rights | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 4.5.2.5. North Carolina ADF | |
| 6.2.3.3. Tar-Pamlico Basin | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
|
| |
| 11.1.2. Air | |
| 11.1.4. Noise | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.1. Charges on Agricultural Inputs | |
| 11.1.5.2. Energy/carbon Taxes | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-12: ENERGY/CARBON TAXES | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 7.2.1. Tax Benefits | |
| 8.3. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| TABLE 3-2: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
|
| |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.4.2. Landfill Taxes | |
| 7.3.2. Tax Incentives and Loans | |
| 8.3. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 3-2: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.1.5.6. Other Measures to Curb Congestion | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.2.2. Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.1.5.2. Energy/carbon Taxes | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.3.1. Air Pollution | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| TABLE 11-5: AIR POLLUTION CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
| TABLE 11-8: WATER EFFLUENT CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.2. Air | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.5.2.3. Rhode Island Hard-to-Dispose Material Tax | |
| 5.2.1. Maine Bottle Bill | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 5.5. OTHER PRODUCTS | |
| 7.5.1. Advance Disposal Fee Systems | |
| TABLE 3-2: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| TABLE 11-5: AIR POLLUTION CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
| TABLE 11-8: WATER EFFLUENT CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.2.2. Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
|
| |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| FIGURE 4-3: HOUSEHOLD WASTE LANDFILLING AND RECYCLING IN SAN JOSE | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| TABLE 11-9: IMPACT OF SEWAGE CHARGES ON POLLUTION IN SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL | |
|
| |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.5. Singapore Road and Vehicle Taxation | |
| 11.3. MARKETABLE PERMIT SYSTEMS | |
| 11.3.1. Air Pollution | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| FIGURE 11-7: SINGAPORE ANNUAL ROAD TAX | |
| FIGURE 11-8: PRIVATE CARS ENTERING SINGAPORE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT | |
| FIGURE 11-9: MODES OF TRANSPORTATION IN SINGAPORE | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| TABLE 11-5: AIR POLLUTION CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
| TABLE 11-8: WATER EFFLUENT CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| TABLE 11-8: WATER EFFLUENT CHARGES IN EASTERN EUROPE | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
|
| |
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.2. Air | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-2: WASTE DISPOSAL BAG PRICES IN SEOUL METROPOLITAN AREA | |
| TABLE 11-10: ADVANCE DISPOSAL FEES IN SOUTH KOREA | |
| TABLE 11-19: DEPOSITS IN SOUTH KOREA | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-21: KOREAN ECO-MARK PRODUCT CRITERIA | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| FIGURE 11-1: ANNUAL CHARGE PAYMENTS FOR HYPOTHETICAL INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-7: DISCHARGE SCENARIOS FOR FIGURE 11-1 | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 6.1.15. Grass Burning Permit Trading | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.2. Air | |
| 11.1.2.1. Sweden's Nitrogen Oxide Charge | |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.1. Charges on Agricultural Inputs | |
| 11.1.5.2. Energy/carbon Taxes | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| FIGURE 11-6: SALES OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF DIESEL FUEL IN SWEDEN | |
| FIGURE 11-10: ALUMINUM CAN RECYCLING RATES | |
| FIGURE 11-11: CARS SOLD AND SCRAPPED IN SWEDEN | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-4: SWEDISH ESTIMATES OF THE NET BENEFIT OF THE NOX CHARGE | |
| TABLE 11-11: FERTILIZER CHARGES IN SWEDEN | |
| TABLE 11-12: ENERGY/CARBON TAXES | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-17: 1992 CLASSIFICATION OF DIESEL FUELS AND TAX REBATES IN SWEDEN | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-20: ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.4. Noise | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.4.3. Subsidies for Resource Conservation | |
| 11.5. PRODUCT LABELING | |
| TABLE 11-1: NOTEWORTHY INCENTIVE MECHANISMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-18: BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSITS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| TABLE 4-6: VARIABLE RATE STRUCTURES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5. Charges on Environmentally Damaging Products and Activities | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.2. DEPOSIT-REFUND MECHANISMS | |
| 11.3.1. Air Pollution | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| FIGURE 11-12: PET BOTTLE RECYCLING RATE IN TAIWAN | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 6.2.3.4. Other Point-Nonpoint Trading Proposals | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| 4.4.2. Landfill Taxes | |
| 4.5.2.6. Texas Clean Fuel Incentive Surcharge | |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 6.1.1.5. Evaluation of Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.1.3.6. Texas | |
| 6.4.2. Proposed Cross-Border Trading Program: El Paso Region | |
| 7.2.1. Tax Benefits | |
| 7.4.9. State Initiatives | |
| 7.4.12.1. State Initiatives | |
| 9.8. ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AWARDS | |
| 10.9.2. Texas Clean Industries 2000 | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.1.3.6. Effluent Charges in Less Industrialized Countries | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.1.5.6. Other Measures to Curb Congestion | |
| 11.4. SUBSIDIES | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
|
| |
| 11.1.1. Waste | |
| 11.1.3.2. Effluent Charges | |
| 11.1.5.3. Preferential Taxation of Environmentally Friendly
Products | |
| 11.4.1. Subsidies for Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Land Management | |
| 11.6. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS | |
| FIGURE 11-1: ANNUAL CHARGE PAYMENTS FOR HYPOTHETICAL INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE | |
| TABLE 11-6: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION | |
| TABLE 11-7: DISCHARGE SCENARIOS FOR FIGURE 11-1 | |
| TABLE 11-16: DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION OF LEADED GASOLINE | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | |
| TRADING SYSTEMS | |
| 9.7. LABELING SCHEMES | |
| 11.9. TREND OF INCREASING USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES | |
| 11.10. CONCLUSIONS | |
| FIGURE 4-1: 1994 WATER CHARGE STRUCTURES | |
| FIGURE 4-2: MONTHLY WATER AND WASTEWATER CHARGES | |
| FIGURE 4-4: GRAZING FEES UNDER THE PUBLIC RANGELANDS IMPROVEMENT ACT | |
| FIGURE 5-3: BATTERY LEAD RECYCLING AND LEAD SCRAP PRICES IN THE U.S. | |
| FIGURE 6-1: PHASE I SO2 EMISSION | |
| FIGURE 7-2: STATE REVOLVING FUND INVESTMENT FY 1988-95 | |
| FIGURE 7-3: U.S. POPULATION SERVED BY MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES | |
| FIGURE 10-2: RELEASES AND TRANSFERS OF 33/50 PROGRAM CHEMICALS | |
| FIGURE 11-10: ALUMINUM CAN RECYCLING RATES | |
| TABLE 3-4: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FROM OTHER POLLUTION-RELATED ACTIONS | |
| TABLE 4-1: OVERVIEW OF FEES, CHARGES, AND TAXES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | |
| TABLE 4-10: PRODUCT CHARGES ON TIRES | |
| TABLE 7-1: THE USE OF SUBSIDIES IN U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | |
| TABLE 7-3: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONSERVATION SUBSIDY PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 7-4: CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM ACREAGE AND RENTAL PAYMENTS FOR FIRST 12 ENROLLMENTS | |
| TABLE 9-1: TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY (TRI) RELEASES BY INDUSTRY | |
| TABLE 9-2: TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY (TRI) WASTE TRANSFERS | |
| TABLE 11-22: SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN TOTAL TAX REVENUES IN OECD COUNTRIES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| TABLE 3-1: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 11.1.3.1. User fees | |
| 11.3.4. Water-energy Trading | |
|
| |
| 11.1.5.4. Road User Fees | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.4.3. Hazardous Waste Taxes | |
| 5.2. BEVERAGE CONTAINERS | |
| 6.1.5. OTC/OTAG Regional NOx Reduction Program | |
| 7.5.5. Preferential Procurement of Recycled Products | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 5-1: STATE BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.4.2. Landfill Taxes | |
| 4.7. WETLAND COMPENSATION FEES | |
| 7.5.1. Advance Disposal Fee Systems | |
| 10.9.3. Adopt-a-Highway | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 5.3. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES | |
| 6.1.15. Grass Burning Permit Trading | |
| 6.2.3.4. Other Point-Nonpoint Trading Proposals | |
| 7.5.3. Recycling Loans and Grants | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 5-3: MANDATORY LEAD-ACID BATTERY DEPOSIT SYSTEMS | |
| TABLE 7-9: STATUS OF PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS PROGRAMS AS OF APRIL 1996 | |
| TABLE 8-1: LARGEST FEDERAL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENTS | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
|
| |
| 4.2.2. Direct Discharge Fees | |
| 4.2.3. Examples of State Effluent Fees: Louisiana, California, and Wisconsin | |
| 4.4.1. Variable Pricing Program | |
| 6.1.1.5. Evaluation of Emissions Trading Program | |
| 6.1.3.7. Wisconsin | |
| 6.2.2. Effluent Trading (point-point) | |
| 7.5.3. Recycling Loans and Grants | |
| 7.5.6. Recycled Content Policies | |
| 10.9.1. Massachusetts Recycled Newsprint Program | |
| FIGURE 7-1: WISCONSIN NEWSPAPER RECYCLING AND RECYCLED CONTENT REQUIREMENTS | |
| TABLE 3-2: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION | |
| TABLE 4-1: OVERVIEW OF FEES, CHARGES, AND TAXES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | |
| TABLE 4-2: STATE EFFLUENT FEES AS OF DECEMBER 1993 | |
| TABLE 4-7: CHANGES IN WASTE DISPOSAL IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE RATE PRICING PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 7-6: WETLAND RESERVE PROGRAM (WRP) FIRST ENROLLMENT (1992) | |
| TABLE 7-11: WISCONSIN RECYCLING FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS | |
| TABLE 7-12: STATE LOAN FUNDS FOR RECYCLING BUSINESSES | |
|
| |
| TABLE 3-5: USES OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS | |
| TABLE 9-3: CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING SCHEMES | |
|
| |
| TABLE 7-16: U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WATER SUBSIDIES | |