The following sources are provided as a service to those seeking additional views, information, articles, and publications related to the potential impacts of global warming. Views and positions advocated within these articles and publications do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
General
Barber, Valerie A., G.P. Juday, and B.P. Finney. 2000. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature 405 (6787):668
Bond, W. J. 1995. Effects of global change on plant-animal synchrony: implications for pollination and seed dispersal in Mediterranean habitats. Ecological Studies 117: 181-202.
Bond, W. J. and D. M. Richardson. 1990. What can we learn from extinctions and invasions about the effects of climate change? South African Journal of Science 86(7-10): 429-433. Conference on Geosphere--Biosphere Change in Southern Africa.
Dobson, A., A. Jolly, and D. Rubenstein.1989. The greenhouse effect and biological diversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4(3): 64-68.
Elmes, G. W. and A. Free. 1994. Climate change and rare species in Britain. ITE Research Publication 8: 1-28.
Fagre, Daniel B., Peter L. Comanor, Joseph D. White, F. Richard Hauer, and Steven W. Running. 1997. Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33 (4).
Fagre, Daniel B. Glacier Monitoring in Glacier National Park 
U.S.G.S. Glacier Field Station, April 6, 1999.
Fraser, William. 1997. Is warming trend hurting penguins? Science 276:1790
Graham, R.W. and E.C. Grimm.1990. Effects of global climate change on the patterns of terrestrial biological communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5(9): 289-292.
Hall, M.H.P. 1994. Predicting the impact of climate change on glacier and vegetation distribution in Glacier National Park to the Year 2100. Master's Thesis, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York.
Herman, T. B. and F. W. Scott. 1992. Global change at the local level: assessing the vulnerability of vertebrate species to climatic warming. Pages 353-367 in: Science and the Management of Protected Areas. J. H. M. Willison, S. Bondrupnielsen, C. Drysdale, T. B. Herman, N. W. P. Munro and T. L. Pollock (eds.). New York: Elsevier Science Publ B V.
Hoffmann, A.A., and M.W. Blows. 1993. Evolutionary genetics and climate change: will animals adapt to global warming? In: Biotic Interactions and Global Change. P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver and R. B. Huey (eds.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Holt, R.D. 1990. The microevolutionary consequences of climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5: 311-317.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1996. Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Summary for Policymakers, IPCC WGI Third Assessment Report. Geneva.
Johnston, K. M. and M. D. Schmitz. 1997. Wildlife and climate change: assessing the sensitivity of selected species to simulated doubling of atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology 3: 531-544.
Jutro, P. R. 1991. Biological diversity, ecology, and global climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives. 96: 167-170.
Kadlecek, M. 1991. Global climate change could threaten U.S. wildlife. Conservationist 46(1): 54-55.
La Roe, T. 1991. The effects of global climate change on fish and wildlife resources. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 56: 171-176.
Lester, R. T. and J. P. Myers. 1991. Double jeopardy for migrating wildlife. Pp. 119-133 in R. L. Wyman (ed.). Global climate change and life on earth. Chapman and Hall: New York.
National Assessment Synthesis Team. 2000. Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
National Snow and Ice Data Center. 2001. State of the Cryosphere. National Snow and Ice Data Center 2000.
Reid, W. V. and M. C. Trexler. 1992. Responding to potential impacts of climate change on U.S. coastal biodiversity. Coastal Management 20(2): 117-142.
Rind, D., R. Goldberg, J. Hansen, C. Rosenzweig, and R. Ruedy. 1990. Potential evapotranspiration and the likelihood of future drought. J. Geophys. Res. 95:998310004.
Root, T. 1997. How to approach assessing climate impacts on animals. Pages 203-206 in S. J. Hassol and J. Katzenberger (eds.). Elements of Change 1996, Aspen Global Change Institute, Aspen, CO.
Root, T. L. and S. H. Schneider. 1993. Can large-scale climatic models be linked with multiscale ecological studies? Conservation Biology 7(2): 256-270.
Serreze, M.C., J.E. Walsh, F.S. Chapin, T. Osterkamp, M. Dyurgerov, V. Romanovsky, W.C. Oeschel, J. Morison, T. Zhang, and R.G. Barry. 2000. Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change 46 (1-2):159-207.
Shepherd, Andrew, Duncan J. Wingham, Justin A. D. Mansley, and Hugh F. J. Corr. 2001. Inland thinning of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica. Science 291 (5505):862-864.
Stirling, Ian, Nicholas J. Lunn, and John Iacozza. 1999. Long term trends in population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change. Arctic 52 (3):294-306.
Stott, P. 1994. Climate change and its implications for the terrestrial vertebrate fauna. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 118(1-2): 59-68.
Birds
Anonymous.1992. The cumulative effects of natural land subsidence, induced land subsidence (from hydrocarbon withdrawal) and increasing sea levels due to global climate change will alter wetland and aquatic habitats in the Mackenzie Delta and result in changes in the distribution and abundance of waterfowl, fish and muskrat. Environmental Studies (Ottawa) 69: 197-202.
Ball, T. 1983. The migration of geese as an indicator of climate change in the southern Hudson bay region between 1715 and 1851. Climatic Change 5(1): 85-93.
Bean, M. J. 1989. Waterfowl and climate change: a glimpse into the twenty-first century. Orion 8(2): 22-27.
Berthold, P. 1991. Patterns of avian migration in light of current global 'greenhouse' effects: a Central European perspective. Pp. 780-786 in B. D. Bell, R. O. Cossee, J. E. C. Flux, B. D. Heather, R. A. Hitchmough, C. J. R. Robertson and M. J. Williams (eds.). Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Ornithological Trust.
Bethke, R.W. and T. D. Nudds. 1995. Effects of climate change and land use on duck abundance in Canadian prairie-parklands. Ecological Applications 5(3): 588-600.
Boersma, P.D. 1998. Population trends of the Galapagos penguin: impacts of El Niņo and La Nina. Condor 100: 245-253.
Botkin, D. B., D. A. Woodby and R. A. Nisbet. 1991. Kirtland's Warbler habitats: a possible early indicator of climatic warming. Biological Conservation 56(1): 63-78.
Brown, R. G. B.1991. Marine birds and climatic warming in the northwest Atlantic. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 68: 49-54.
Burger, J. 1990. Seabirds, tropical biology and global warming: are we missing the ark? Colonial Waterbirds 13(2): 81-84.
Crick, H. Q. P., C. Dudley, D. E. Glue and D. L. Thompson. 1997. U.K. birds are laying their eggs earlier. Nature 388: 526.
Dean, R. 1993. The Red Lark in the greenhouse world. African Wildlife 47(5): 211, 213-214.
Ens, et al. 1996. Effects of climate change on bird migration strategies along the East Atlantic flyway. Institute for Forestry and Nature Research, the Netherlands.
Fraser, W. et al. 1992. Increases in Antarctic penguin populations: reduced competition with whales or a loss of sea ice due to environmental warming. Polar Biology 11: 525-531.
Huntley, B. 1995. Plant species' response to climate change: implications for the conservation of European birds. Ibis 137 (SUP. 1): S127-S138.
Jarvinen, A. 1994. Global warming and egg size of birds. Ecography 17(1): 108-110.
Koskimies, P. 1981. The expansion of the Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) into Finland. Ornis Fennica 58(4): 151-158.
Larson, D. L. 1994. Potential effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases on avian habitats and populations in the northern Great Plains. American Midland Naturalist 131(2): 330-346.
Larson, D. L. 1995. Effects of climate on numbers of northern prairie wetlands. Climatic Change 30: 169-180.
Mason, C. F. 1995. Long-term trends in the arrival dates of spring migrants. Bird Study 42(3): 182-189.
Meekes, H. T. H. M. 1991. The possible impact of climate change on the avian community of dune ecosystems. Landscape Ecology 6(1-2): 99-103.
Oglesby, R. T. and C. R. Smith. 1995. Climate change in the northeast. Pages 390-391 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran and M. J. Mac (eds.). Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC.
Nott, M.P., DeSante, D.F., Siegel, R.B., and P. Pyle. 2002. Influences of the El Niņo/Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation on avian productivity in forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11:333-342.
Poiani, K. A., and W. C. Johnson. 1991. Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat. Bioscience 41: 611-618.
Price, J. T. 1995. Potential impacts of global climate change on the summer distributions of some North American grassland birds. Ph.D. Dissertation, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI. UMI number: 9613516.
Price, J. T. In press. Potential impacts of climate change on the summer distributions of some North American grassland birds. U.S.G.S. Technical Report.
Rodenhouse, N.L. 1992. Potential effects of climatic change on a neotropical migrant landbird. Conservation Biology 6(2): 263-272.
Root, T.L. 1993. Effects of global climate change on North American birds and their communities. In P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver and R. B. Huey (eds.). Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Root, T. L. 1994. Scientific/philosophical challenges of global change research: a case study of climatic changes on birds. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 138(3): 377-384.
Root, T. L. and J. D. Weckstein. 1995. Changes in winter ranges of selected birds, 1901-89. Pages 386-389 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran and M. J. Mac (eds.). Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC.
Serventy, D. L. 1977. The use of data on the distribution of birds to monitor climatic changes. Emu 77(4): 162-166.
Tramer, E. J. 1992. Global warming: an imminent threat to birds? Living Bird 11(2): 8-12.
Veit, R. et al. 1997. Apex marine predator declines 90% in association with changing oceanic climate. Global Change Biology 3: 23-28.
Whitehead, P. J., D. M. J. S. Bowman, and S. C. Tidemann. 1992. Biogeographic patterns, environmental correlates and conservation of avifauna in the Northern-Territory, Australia. Journal of Biogeography 19(2): 151-161.
Williamson, K. 1975. Birds and climatic change. Bird Study 22: 143-164.
Fish, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems
Alexander, V. 1992. Arctic Marine Ecosystems. Pages 221-233 in R. L. Peters and T. E. Lovejoy (eds.). Global Warming and Biological Diversity. Yale University Press, New haven, CT.
Anonymous. 1992. The cumulative effects of natural land subsidence, induced land subsidence (from hydrocarbon withdrawal) and increasing sea levels due to global climate change will alter wetland and aquatic habitats in the Mackenzie Delta and result in changes in the distribution and abundance of waterfowl, fish and muskrat. Environmental Studies (Ottawa) 69: 197-202.
Carpenter, S. R., S. G. Fisher, N. B. Grimm and J. F. Kitchell. 1992. Global change and freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 119-139.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Ecological impacts from climate change: an economic analysis of freshwater recreational fishing. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Policy, Planning and Evaluation Report #220-R-95-004. Washington, DC.
Francis, R. C. and T. H. Sibley. 1991. Climate change and fisheries: what are the real issues? Northwest Environmental Journal 7(2): 295-308.
Minns, C. K. and J. E. Moore. 1992. Predicting the impact of climate change on the spatial pattern of freshwater fish yield capability in eastern Canadian lakes. Climatic Change 22(4): 327-346.
Murawski, S. A. 1993. Climate change and marine fish distributions: forecasting from historical analogy. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122(5): 647-658.
Neitzel, D. A., M. J. Scott, S. A. Shankle and J. C. Chatters. 1991. The Effect of climate change on stream environments: the salmonid resource of the Columbia River Basin. The Northwest Environmental Journal 7(2): 271-294.
Ray, G. C., B. P. Hayden, A. J. Bulger Jr. and M. G. McCormick-Ray. 1992. Effects of global warming on the biodiversity of coastal-marine zones. Pages 91-105 in R. L. Peters and T. E. Lovejoy (eds.). Global Warming and Biological Diversity. Yale University Press, New haven, CT.
Scott, D. and M. Poynter. 1991. Upper temperature limits for trout in New Zealand and climate change. Hydrobiologia 222: 147-151.
Mammals
Anonymous. 1992. The cumulative effects of natural land subsidence, induced land subsidence (from hydrocarbon withdrawal) and increasing sea levels due to global climate change will alter wetland and aquatic habitats in the Mackenzie Delta and result in changes in the distribution and abundance of waterfowl, fish and muskrat. Environmental Studies (Ottawa) 69: 197-202.
Cameron, G. C. and D. Scheel. 1993. A GIS model of the effects of global climate change on mammals. Geocarto International 4: 19-32.
Chown, S. L. and V. R. Smith. 1993. Climate change and the short-term impact of feral house mice at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands. Oecologia 96(4): 508-516.
Frey, J. K. 1992. Response of a mammalian faunal element to climatic changes. Journal of Mammalogy 73(1): 43-50.
Gunn, A. and T. Skogland. 1997. Responses of caribou and reindeer to global warming. Ecological Studies 124: 189-200.
Fisher, S., K. Hanley, J. Lonsdale, K. Nelson and A. Thornton. 1994. Under fire: environmental threats and extinction of the world's cetaceans. Environmental Investigation Agency, London and Washington, DC. p. 33.
Lavigne, D. M. and O. J. Schmitz. 1990. Global warming and increasing population densities: a prescription for seal plagues. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21(6): 280-284.
McDonald, K. A. and J. H. Brown. 1992. Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 8(3): 409-415.
Ramsey, M. A. 1995. Global environmental change: an involuntary ecological experiment with polar bears as a subject. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission 10: 190.
Reeves, R. R. 1991. Speculations on the impact of global warming on aquatic mammals. Pages 19-23 in S. Taylor (ed.). They're not saved yet. Proceedings of the American Cetacean Society, fourth biennial conference, Monterey, California, November 9-11, 1990. American Cetacean Society, San Pedro, California.
Scheel, D., T. L. S. Vincent and G. N. Cameron. 1996. Global warming and the species richness of bats in Texas. Conservation Biology 10(2): 452-464.
Shvarts, E. A., S. V. Pushkaryov, V. G. Krever and M. A. Ostrovsky. 1995. Geography of mammal diversity and searching for ways to predict global changes in biodiversity. Journal of Biogeography 22: 907-914.
Skaggs, R. W. and W. J. Boeklen. 1996. Extinctions of montane mammals reconsidered: putting a global-warming scenario on ice. Biodiversity and Conservation 5(6): 759-778.
Parks
Malcolm, J. R. and A. Markham. 1997. Climate Change Threats to National Parks and Protected Areas in the United States and Canada. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC.
Parsons, D. J. 1991. Planning for climate change in national parks and other natural areas. Northwest Environmental Journal 7(2): 255-269.
Peters, R. L. and J. D. S. Darling. 1985. The greenhouse effect and nature reserves. Bioscience 35: 707-717.
Other (Insects, Amphibians, Reptiles, Invertebrates)
Adler, T. 1994. Climate change may make insects winners. Science News. 145(15): 230.
Austin, J.D. and J.E. Hillerton. 1995. Modelling the population of Hydrotaea irritans using a cohort-based system. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Beebee. 1995. Amphibian breeding and climate. Nature 374: 219-220.
Brooks, S. J. 1995. The response of chironomidae (Diptera) faunas to climate change. <I>In</I>: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Brown, V. C. 1995. Insect herbivores and gaseous air pollutants — current knowledge and predictions. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Burton, J. F. 1975. The effects of recent climatic changes on British insects. Bird Study 22: 203-204.
Cammell, M. E. and J. D. Knight. 1992. Effects of climate change on the population dynamics of crop pests. Advances in Ecological Research 22:
117-162.
Coope, G. R. 1995. The effects of Quaternary climatic changes in insect populations: lessons from the past. <I>In</I>: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Davenport, J. 1989. Sea turtles and the greenhouse effect. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 29: 11-15.
Davis, A. J., L. S. Jenkinson, J. H. Lawton, B. Shorrocks and S. Wood. 1995. Global warming, population dynamics and community structure in a model insect assemblage. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Dennis, R. L. H., and T. G. Shreeve. 1991. Climatic change and the British butterfly fauna: opportunities and constraints. Biol. Conserv. 55: 1-16.
Docherty, M. 1996. Does man play dice with the environment? Insect-tree interactions and environmental change. Antenna 20(3): 105-109.
Eggleton, P. and D. E. Bignell. 1995. Monitoring the response of tropical insects to change in the environment: troubles with termites. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Farrow, R. A. 1991. Implications of potential global warming on agricultural pests in Australia. Bulletin OEPP (Organisation Europeenne Et Mediterraneenne Pour La Protection Des Plantes) 21(3): 683-696.
Farrow, R. A. and R. B. Floyd. 1995. Effects of changing land use on eucalypt dieback in Australia in relation to insect phytophagy and tree re-establishment. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Fleming, R. A. and G. M. Tatchell. 1995. Shifts in flight periods of British aphids: a response to climate warming? In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Fleming, R. A., Volney, W. J. A. 1995. Effects of climate change on insect defoliator population processes in Canada's boreal forest: some plausible scenarios. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 82(1-2): 445- 454.
Fleming, R. A. 1996. A mechanistic perspective of possible influences of climate change on defoliating insects in North America's boreal forests. Silva Fennica 30(2-3): 281-294.
Grainger, J. N. R. 1992. The probable effects of climate change on invertebrate growth and reproduction with particular reference to Ireland. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 22(1-3): 239-244.
Halbert, S. E., M. D. Jennings, C. B. Cogan, S. S. Quisenberry and J. B. Johnson.1995. Potential use of suction trap collections of aphids as indicators of plant biodiversity. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Harrington, R., J. S. Bale and G. M. Tatchell.1995. Aphids in a changing climate. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Herman, T. B. and F. W. Scott. 1992. Assessing the vulnerability of amphibians to climatic warming. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 76: 46-49.
Hopkin, S.P. 1995. Deficiency and excess of essential and non-essential metals in terrestrial insects. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Hughes, J. M. and K. A. Evans. 1996. Global warming and pest risk assessment. Aspects of Applied Biology 45: 339-342.
Janzen, F. J. 1994. Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 91: 7487-7490.
Jenkinson, L. S., A. J. Davis, S. Wood, B. Shorrocks and J. H. Lawton. 1996. Not that simple: global warming and predictions of insect ranges and abundances — results from a model insect assemblage in replicated laboratory ecosystems. Aspects of Applied Biology 45: 343-348.
Kiritani, K. 1991. Potential impacts of global warming on insects. Insectarium 28(7): 212-223.
Kozar, F. 1992. Recent changes in the distribution of insects and the global warming. Internationales Symposium Ueber Entomofaunistik in Mitteleuropa 13: 406-413.
Lawton, J. H. 1995. The response of insects to environmental change. <I>In</I>: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Lines, J. 1995. The effects of climatic and land-use changes on the insect vectors of human disease. <I>In</I>: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Luff, M. L. and I. P. Woiwod.1995. Insects as indicators of land-use change: a European perspective, focusing on moths and ground beetles. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Mawdsley, N. A. and N. E. Stork. 1995. Species extinctions in insects: ecological and biogeographical considerations. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Parmesan, C. 1996. Climate and species range. Nature 382: 765-766.
Parsons, P. A. 1989. Conservation and global warming: a problem in biological adaptation to stress. Ambio 18(6): 322-325.
Phadke, K. G. and S. Ghai. 1994. Effect of global warming on insect populations and crop damage. Shashpa 1(2): 75-80.
Pinder, L. C. V. and D. J. Morley. 1995. Chironomidae as indicators of water quality — with a comparison of the chironomid faunas of a series of contrasting Cumbrian Tarns. <I>In</I>: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Port, G. R., K. Barrett, E. Okello and A. Davison. 1995. Gaseous air pollutants — can we identify critical loads for insects? In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Porter, J. H., M. L. Parry and T. R. Carter. 1991. The potential effects of climatic change on agricultural insect pests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 57: 221-240.
Porter, J. 1995. The effects of climate change on the agricultural environment for crop insect pests with particular reference to the European corn borer and grain maize. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Raloff, J. 1996. Butterfly displaced by climate change? Science News 150(9): 135.
Rogers, D.J. 1995. Remote sensing and changing distribution of tsetse flies in Africa. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Rogers, D. J. and S. E. Randolph. 1993. Distribution of tsetse and ticks in Africa: past, present and future. Parasitology Today 9: 266-271.
Samways, M. 1995. Southern hemisphere insects: their variety and the environmental pressures upon them. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Scholtz, C. H. and K. Krüger. 1995. Effects of Ivermectin residues in cattle dung on dung insect communities under extensive farming conditions in South Africa. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Solbreck, C. 1993. Predicting insect faunal dynamics in a changing climate — a northern European perspective. Pages 176-185 In: J. I. Holten, G. Paulsen and W. C. Oechel (eds.). Impacts of climatic change on natural ecosystems with emphasis on boreal and arctic/alpine areas. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim.
Sparks and Yates. 1997. The effect of spring temperature on the appearance date of British butterflies. Ecography 20: 368-374.
Sutherst. R. W. 1991. Pest risk analysis and the greenhouse effect. Reviews in Agric. Entomology 79: 1177-1187.
Sutherst, R.W., G. F. Maywald and D. B. Skarrat. 1995. Predicting insect distributions in a changed climate. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Usher, M. B. 1995. A world of change: land-use patterns and arthropod communities. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Watt, A.D., J. B. Whittaker, M. Docherty, G. Brooks, E. Lindsay and D.T. Salt. 1995. The impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on insect herbivores. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Weiss, S. B. and D. D. Murphy. 1990. Montane butterfly distributions and the potential impact of global warming. Wings 15(1): 3-7.
Whittaker, J. B.; Tribe, N. P. 1996. An altitudinal transect as an indicator of responses of a spittlebug (Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae) to climate change. European Journal of Entomology 93(3): 319.
Williams, D.W. and A. M. Liebhold. 1995. Potential changes in spatial distribution of outbreaks of forest defoliators under climate change. In: Harrington, R. and N. E. Stork (eds.). Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.
Williams, D. W. and A. M. Liebhold. 1995. Herbivorous insects and global change: potential changes in the spatial distribution of forest defoliator outbreaks. Journal of Biogeography 22: 665-671.
Williams, D. W. and A. M. Liebhold. 1995. Forest defoliators and climatic change: potential changes in spatial distribution of outbreaks of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environmental Entomology 24(1): 1-9.